Universal Health Care is not the answer!

United States
October 20, 2008 3:33pm CST
I'm amazed at how many people actually think this is a good idea! Sure, it's difficult to afford insurance and co-pays and all other fees associated with health care, believe me I know. I currently owe close to $40,000 in medical debt to hospitals to pay for procedures that were not covered by my insurance. I can't afford that, so yes, we need some sort of help with our health care system. But universal health care? No!! The money to pay for that has to come from somewhere, so where is it going to come from? Our taxes. It will more than double our taxes. In the end you'll be paying the same, if not more for health care through your tax dollars, and taxes are capable of hitting us harder. They can put a tax on everything from your wages to your purchases, and your yearly taxes on your properties. Don't be fooled thinking that a universal health care system will actually be free!! And do you actually think you'll recieve the same level of care that you do now? Don't count on it. Doctors won't be paid as much, so it won't be a lucrative profession, which means we won't see as many doctors and nurses. That means wait times for life saving procedures will be longer. How long are you willing to wait for treatment? Weeks? Months? What if you have 3 months to live without the procedure, but they can't fit you in until 6 months out because there just aren't enough doctors? Wouldn't you be willing to pay more to get the treatment sooner? Tell me, in all honesty... how is universal health care going to actually help us?? Yes we need to find ways to make health care more affordable, I will not argue that. But it should be something along the lines of supplimental insurance for the lower income, something that will help with co-pays and fees that our primary insurance won't cover. That would be more affordable for the government (without raising taxes) and for the people.
5 people like this
16 responses
@ClarusVisum (2163)
• United States
20 Oct 08
"But universal health care? No!! The money to pay for that has to come from somewhere, so where is it going to come from? Our taxes. It will more than double our taxes." It is almost impossible that this would be true. In every other industrialized nation that has universal health care, the cost is less per person than it is here in the USA. However, those countries also have higher life expectancies, and lower incidences of preventable diseases/illnesses/etc. than the US. So if it's done right, it will certainly NOT cost more than the system we have now. If other countries can do it, why can't we? The US has no business holding such a pitiful position compared to other industrialized nations in preventable diseases, for crying out loud.
1 person likes this
• United States
20 Oct 08
Last time I was in Ontario, Canada which was less than a year ago, their sales tax was something near 20%. Here in NY state our sales tax is 7%. Canada has free health care. So yes, it is going to more than double our taxes. And as far as life expectancy and disease, you're not looking at the other variables here, such as the types of people in those countries compaired to ours. Our country has a very high immigration rate, does this come into play in our life expectancy? How about our jobs, our environment? It cannot just be the health care at play here.
1 person likes this
• United States
20 Oct 08
Oops, I didn't quite say what I meant to. I mean the OVERALL cost will definitely NOT be higher. The increase in taxes would be MORE than compensated for by the elimination of inflated insurance premiums we'd no longer have to pay.
3 people like this
• United States
21 Oct 08
I only have to pay $40 a week for health insurance, and nothing more unless I see a doctor. My taxes would be far more than that on a weekly basis with this free health care system, regardless if I see a doctor or not.
@Lindalinda (4111)
• Canada
21 Oct 08
Well to start with I believe the USA is the only civilized country in the world that does not have have universal health care. Certainly all the European countries of the Western World have it. It astonishes me constantly that Americans are against it. The richest nation in the world cannot offer decent health care to its citizens. You yourself said you owe 40 000 in medical bills. That must be a totally crushing burden. I live in Canada and we have universal health care. Sure a lot of people complain that the waiting period for certain operations are too long, it is difficult to schedule an MRI if you need it soon, etc etc. Let me tell you I will be eternally grateful that we have it. After a collapse in my son's house this summer I was taken to the hospital. I stayed there for two days. I had several ECG's, an MRI, a CT scan and was seen by three specialists. After I was discharged I received a bill in the mail for $ 46.30 as my share of the ambulance fee. I can live with that and I am not in debt because of medical bills. I am retired on a fixed income and could not afford to pay the prices that US hospitals charge if you have to be admitted. Most of my friends do not venture into the US without extra medical coverage, even for one day. It is true that we have to wait for certain procedures but they are usually not live threatening. Other times we are inconvenienced. Since I needed another MRI. I was told the unit operated 24 hours a day 6 days a week. Would I be willing to accept an appointment at 3 in the morning? Yes of course, it would only cost me $ 30.00 to order a taxi to get me there at that time of the night. Is this not acceptable? I was told I could have an appointment across the border in Buffalo USA the next day at a charge of $ 700. Did I take the night appointment? of course I did. Do we get the same quality of medical care as in the USA? I am convinced we do. Canadian specialists are on the forefront in the world as far as research and expertise is concerned. Do we pay for it in our taxes, yes of course we do. But we also know we can partake in preventative medicine, have regular checkups, be referred to specialists before it is too late and get treatment for life threatening conditions. Most of all though, every person rich or poor can get treatment. We also have the options if we have the money and don't want to wait to scoot across the border and pay thousands there. So ask any citizen of any country that has universal healthcare if they want to give it up. I think you can guess the answer. Shame on America for neglecting health care for families on the poverty line, for young independent people working for minimum wages, for the elderly, for the indigent and homeless. It is the duty of any civilized society to look after its people.
• Canada
21 Oct 08
You are absolutely right I have to pay taxes whether or not I see a doctor but you also have to pay taxes don't you? The difference is when I am sick and I am retired or I need special care I am not required to pay for it again. I can tell you I am greatly comforted that in my old age I will be taken care of by universal health insurance. By the way I live in Ontario. I have heard a lot of people complain because they have to wait for months to get an MRI or a hernia operation. When I dug deeper it turned out they will only take day appointments for an MRI or they want their operation done at a special hernia clinic instead of a regular hospital. As for your friend in Nova Scotia, I am sorry she had to wait so long and I am convinced it was painful but at least she is not $ 40 000 in debt over it.
• United States
21 Oct 08
You have to pay taxes regardless if you see a doctor that year or not... I do not have to pay my medical insurance co-pays and other fees if I do not see a doctor. What part of Canada are you from may I ask? Because a good friend of mine who lives in Nova Scotia had to wait months for an operation to remove her uterus that was hanging out of her body. MONTHS!! It was painful. She literally had to peel her uterus off her panties to use the bathroom... and they made her wait months! I enjoy my health coverage as it is.
• United States
21 Oct 08
Ontario does have better coverage than most other provinces. Personally, I'd rather pay more to be pain free sooner.
@camomom (7535)
• United States
21 Oct 08
I see where you're coming from but "who" will be taxed more is the question that needs to be answered. I have state assistance and I get better care then I did when I paid for my insurance. I don't think it's that bad. I think more questions need to be asked and answered before everyone assumes that they will be the ones paying higher taxes. I know I don't have the answers but if the candidates aren't asked the questions, how do we really know the answers?
• United States
21 Oct 08
Obama has not said how he plans to impliment this, which is a scary thought. It would cost 3 trillion dollars to have universal health care in this country. We don't have that kind of money, so where is it going to come from?
@camomom (7535)
• United States
21 Oct 08
So, because McCain says it's gonna cost that much, it's true? No one has asked Obama this question and gotten a response because no one ever lets him speak. I honestly don't believe either of them can do some of the things they say they can. All either of them want to do is bash each other. I haven't heard McCain say how his plan will work either. All I hear from him is what he says Obama is going to do or not do. I haven't heard anything that HE'S going to do. I'm so tired of this election. I may not even vote because no one is saying what they are going to do and how they are going to do it. They both want to talk about their opponents instead. I don't work and if I did I couldn't afford daycare in my area. I don't have health insurance except through the state. I CANNOT afford to pay for my own insurance. I've paid my taxes for 18 years and I think I'm entitled to state assistance. I see nothing wrong with my tax money going to people IN NEED. I just don't want it wasted on people that are here illegally. But thats another subject.
@camomom (7535)
• United States
21 Oct 08
Is that an assumption based on other countries or have you actually heard the question asked to one of the candidates and heard it answered? A lot of other people here seem to disagree with you based on what they know as fact from other countries. All we can do is wait and see who gets elected and see what happens. There are things that I don't agree with on both sides. Do you vote? If you don't, then you really can't complain. If you do, that's great because then you do have a say in the outcome. I just don't see the point in complaining about it before these changes are made. I think, no matter what, things can't get much worse then the last 8 years. I for one hope you are wrong, but we will have to wait and see. May the best candidate win.
@camomom (7535)
• United States
21 Oct 08
I just want to say that I'm honestly not trying to offend anyone but I've had good insurance, I've had bad insurance, I've had no insurance, I've had private insurance, I've had insurance through my jobs, and I've had state insurance (medical assistance). In my opinion, Medical assistance has been the best insurance that I've ever had. This would be the same as Universal Healthcare. I have gotten treatments that I have needed faster then with other insurance. I've been treated with more respect then I was with other insurance. I can get treatments done that I couldn't get done with other insurance. I have HPV, the virus that causes cervical cancer, If it turns into cancer I WILL be able to get the treatment that I need but only if I can keep my medical assistance. Otherwise, I'll die. If I can't pay the co-pays and premiums, I can't get treated. My 2 beautiful daughters would grow up with no mommy. I cannot afford private insurance due to medical problems that cost hundreds of dollars a month. My fiance however, does not qualify for medical assistance, he has insurance through his job but can still barely afford to pay his bills. He spends close to $200.00 a month just on his diabetic medications. He pays close to $60.00 a month on his premiums. He spends close to $1700.00 a year on blood work and diabetes check-ups. This is AFTER the insurance pays what they pay. This does not include any other medical needs he may have throughout the year. He makes under $24000.00 a year before taxes and has 3 kids to support. With McCains plan, we could both die. With Obama's plan we can live and have money to pay our bills. Like I said I don't want to offend anyone but I feel VERY strongly about this subject and feel the need to express how I feel. I don't want be one of the people that is in debt so far due to medical expenses that I'll never get out of it. I don't want my credit to be destroyed because of medical expenses.
• United States
21 Oct 08
That's only what you think! The reality of it is there will be no doctors after this. Who's going to want to be a doctor when they don't get paid squat? Teacher's are paid government wages... do you think they make a decent living? Don't you think we'd have more teachers if they made more money? If a doctor is paid the same thing, which profession would they choose... the easy teacher, or the difficult doctor?? Mal practice insurance is absolutely ridiculous. My cousin is an anestesiologist (however you spell it). Half of his income is for his insurance against mal practice lawsuits. Do you honestly think the government is going to pay him enough to cover that? Heck no!! He is going to quit if this plan goes into affect. So with no doctors or nurses, how are we to get the treatment we expect to recieve? The only reason you get good treatment now is because the doctors (who make darn good money) know they'll be paid with your insurance. But if the government is setting their pay, they won't bother with that profession. Think about it! I've had government medicaid too, and I thought it sucked. None of the doctors in my area want to take it because medicaid doesn't cover everything the doctors like to charge for. You're not offending me, we're all entitled to our opinion.. but you have to look at all the facts, not just the thought that everything will remain the same except the cost of coverage and insurance. It won't be the same... it won't be as easy. Just think about it.
• United States
21 Oct 08
Mal practice suits can happen to the best of doctors, and they are expensive. Of course in this world of "It's not my fault" everyone wants to point to the one person who can't prove it was or wasn't their fault, and that's the anestesiologist, that's why they're the highest paid doctors. Regardless of how much they love their jobs, they won't keep it if they can't afford to. That means life saving surgeries won't happen, regardless of who you are or what you have. Elective surgeries (such as a tubal ligation) will be unheard of... what sort of effect is that going to have? What about 10 years from now when all our current doctors who choose to stay after this retire, but there are no new doctors because it's not worth the effort to become a doctor? Then the government is going to have to start paying for kids to go into med school, which will cost us even more money. Kids will go into med school because it's free and won't really care about being a doctor. Sure this is speculation... but it could happen. We have to be prepared for all the possiblities. IF that were to happen... would it be worth it?
@camomom (7535)
• United States
21 Oct 08
No, it's how I feel. The reality is, that if it's a good doctor they started the profession to help people not because of the money. I don't want someone that only cares about money to help me at all. The first question I ask my doctors, in my initial visit, is why did you become a doctor? You can usually tell the difference between a good doctor that is there for the right reasons and the ones that are just greedy. Teachers do their job because they love the job not because of the money. Yes, there would be more teachers if they made more money but they wouldn't be good teachers, they'd be greedy. Maybe we wouldn't have to worry about malpractice if they got paid less because the only doctors would be the ones that actually cared about their patients.Maybe in your state medicaid sucks but it's not like that everywhere. The doctors in your area are greedy if they don't want to get paid a little bit less to help you. I am looking at the facts as I know them from my experience and from what I've researched. I never said I thought things would remain the same except the cost of coverage and insurance. I never said it would be easy. It's not easy for all of us now either.
@camomom (7535)
• United States
21 Oct 08
I want to say that I'm done discussing the matter of healthcare. I urge everyone to go to factcheck.org and check the facts before you vote. This is an unbiased site. they only give the facts.
• United States
25 Oct 08
Camo... Iraq didn't attack us at 9/11.. afganistan did. Canada's army is over there fighting that war while we're in Iraq fighting their CIVIL war. Basically W. is trying to pick up where his daddy left off, because Clinton ignored it.
• United States
21 Oct 08
They only give the facts that are out there. It is possible that we will be taxed 50% of our income to pay for universal health care... but is anyone going to admit to that, or even try to prove it before the election? Of course not. Did Bush admit he was going to invade Iraq before his election? Think about what the candidates are not saying... think about what that effect will have on our country!
@camomom (7535)
• United States
22 Oct 08
I think both candidates are hiding something. Yes, I do think someone will try to prove it before the election. No, Bush did not admit or announce that he was going to invade Iraq, 9/11 hadn't happened yet.
• United States
21 Oct 08
I agree completely with the original statment, someone here said that other universal health care systems work ... I can think of one Very Good reason why ours wouldnt. We are Americans. thats it. Thats my reason, its because we can AFFORD to treat our bodies like crap, we can AFFORD to eat out 30 times a week, and we can AFFORD to smoke, and just generally treat our bodies like crap until one day, Oh no. We need a new lung, or a new kidney or we suddenly have diabetes, or w/e it is, its because we treat our bodies like such crap, we couldnt afford to treat others who couldnt figure out what they were doing to themselves, and you know what? I dont think I should have to pay for them, I work hard to keep my body healthy and make choices to save my money rather than buy all the junk food they do, why should I have to spend MY money on them too? yes there are people who sincerely did nothing to deserve their sickness... but in a lot of cases, people are earning it these days, and because of that, there would be more people needing money from the system, than putting into the system, and frankly, I dont want to pay for them, I'd rather save my money, and protect my body and pay for myself. I mean, I would consider dumping a bunch of my money in if someone was in a car accident or something, but I dont think I should be forced to pay for the soda guzzling woman who has been smoking for the last 40 years, who ways 300 pounds and suddenly got lung cancer, she could have avoided both of those, and I didn't get ANYTHING for what she payed into it, thus why should I bail her out? Not saying I never would... I just dont think the government should force me to, its not their right.
• United States
21 Oct 08
Amen to that. That's exactly how I feel too.
@camomom (7535)
• United States
22 Oct 08
Well, LilPix, Diabetes is NOT always caused by not taking care of yourself.
• United States
22 Oct 08
I understand that Camo, there are a lot of people born with sicknesses like that, I understand that, but I honestly believe that a majority of the cases in America these days are beginning to be self induced. and I dont think its fair that they spent all there money to get that way and then they take my money to treat themselces for being that way, thats just not fair... now I think I might be willing to part with a fair portion of my money for someone who honestly didnt earn their disease. but its not the governments right to force money out of me when they didnt sanction how the other person treated their body (which is also not their right) in plain english, it really just isnt their right, now a non profit org that collected money for people in high need of medical help, now that would be different and I think I would be willing to support that.
@cripfemme (7698)
• United States
21 Oct 08
As a disabled person and a health educator, I must disagree with you. If people can't afford healthcare they don't get treatment early when things are more easily fixable. As others have said, we are the only industrialized nation that doesn't have it. I think this is bad for America, as a whole.
@cripfemme (7698)
• United States
21 Oct 08
I know disabled people other industrialized countries. I work with them on disability rights issues, across boarders. They are doing better than we are in terms of both health care and economics, because they have what they need in terms of assistive technology and medical care to be productive, happy people. We should be so lucky here.
@mommyboo (13174)
• United States
25 Oct 08
It would help if EVERYBODY had access to free preventive care. I think this the problem with some people - it is too expensive for them to even go have an annual physical, so they don't. Problems are not caught until they have nagging awful symptoms they can't ignore and wind up at the ER with a brain tumor....
• United States
21 Oct 08
Trust me we won't be able to afford it if it's free either! How much in taxes are you willing to pay? I'd rather pay my $40 a week for insurance.
@Galena (9110)
25 Oct 08
I come from the UK, where we have the NHS paid for through taxes. it's not perfect, but it's the best system there is. because I earn too little to pay taxes, it costs me nothing. when I was earning more, I paid for it through my taxes. if anything is wrong with me I don't need to worry about whether or not I can afford to pay for medical care, it's there for me. those that want to pay more to have treatment quicker, or at a higher level, can pay privately. those that can't don't go without. seriously, I would never ever ever exchange a national health service for the American system, which I find absolutely third world in comparison. why should only the wealthy get healthcare? what if I needed an operation? what about when I was bitten on the face by my dog. what if I'd just had to let it heal as it would, rather than getting stitched up, then getting to go back and have the scarring tidied up so that I wouldn't look like Freddie Krueger. I was out of work at the time through illness, so would never have been able to pay for cosmetic restoration. I was shocked when I first discovered that Americans have to pay for their healthcare themselves, through insurance if they can afford to have insurance, or finding the money somehow. I thought that sort of thing only happened in third world countries.
• United States
25 Oct 08
Our system is not that bad. I am not wealthy but I have insurance. It costs us $40 a week, and sometimes we have to pay a little more when we see a doctor. If we did not get insurance through work, and could not afford to pay for it, we could get government aid insurance, which is completely free for low income families. There are many options for that. There's absolutely no reason anyone should go without insurance here. And, if we do not have insurance, the doctors still have to see us. We didn't have insurance once and my husband needed his appendix taken out. They did it, no questions asked, at one of the best hospitals in the city. Granted we had a large bill to pay afterwards, but they told us of the government programs we could sign up for to have it paid, even after it was already done. I don't think our system is all that bad.
@worldwise1 (14885)
• United States
21 Oct 08
You, at least have health care coverage, katsmeow. It is shameful that in a country that is supposed to be the greatest nation in the world there are so many people with no health care. Where is the money going to come from? Well, they are printing money right and left for everything else, so, why not health care? For starters we could get out of these wars we have become bogged down in. The costs of these wars is breaking the back of America, and there is no end in sight. Many people here are going hungry, homeless, and without health care while we are financing endless wars. Where is the sense in that?
@worldwise1 (14885)
• United States
5 Nov 08
If there is so much gold in the vault, katsmeow, why are you the only one aware of this? According to everything I've heard over the last several years the gold just isn't there. I stand by my statement that health care should be available to everyone equally!
• United States
21 Oct 08
Health insurance is and should be available to everyone, at low cost for low income. yes we do need more options and it does need to be more accessable and affordable... but not universal. There will always be war, regardless of where or when, we can't avoid that. Printing money?? If they could print money just because they felt like it, our nation would not be in debt. Money is printed based on how much gold is in the vault. The more they print, the more the dollar value goes down. Printing more money on a whim is not the answer either. Canada has universal health care, their sales tax is 14%... think about that!
• United States
28 Oct 08
There are differant ways to save money like the company im with is a health discount plans company that has hospital advocacy that would of probally reduced your $40k in debt to a much lower amount. But there is a lot of things about this election that I dont get. Like the total socializim view of obama that no one seems to relieze is a very BAD idea no matter how good of a person he seems to be or whatever. I can understand people being tired of republicans but dont let it make you make a bad decision on who is president. Mccain isnt perfect but hes better than Obama
@ersmommy1 (12588)
• United States
21 Oct 08
I think alot of people feel something is better than nothing. Alot of people are going broke trying to afford something in the way of healthcare. I have family that has no healthcare. If you are scared you may go for anything. Whether you believe it to be the answer or not.
• United States
21 Oct 08
But nobody is looking at what that's going to cost us in the long run. Yes health care is expensive... I've been complaining about it for years myself, especially back in the days when we were paying $100 a week for it while trying to get food stamps to put food on our table. I was asking them why I couldn't get help with my insurance since we couldn't afford it. They offer health coverage to low income families, but not if it's offered through your job. And of course when applying for food stamps they don't take that bill into consideration. So no it's not a perfect system, I'll never say it is. But we'll be losing far more money in taxes if this goes into affect. We're already losing $200 a week towards income tax... that doesn't even count how much we pay for sales tax, property tax, car taxes, anything else. Canadian sales tax is 14% in Ontario, that's just sales tax, and part of that is to cover their health care system. That's just an idea of what we'll be looking forward to if and when we go into a universal health care system.
@mimico (3617)
• Philippines
21 Oct 08
In my country, we already pay a lot of taxes but there is still no support from the government when it comes to health care. I'm lucky that my parents can afford the best doctors for me if and when I get sick (knock on wood), but I see a lot of poor people who can't afford it and that's when I realize how important a universal health care could be. Of course the funds will come from the rich who can afford to be taxed more, but the poor will be the primary beneficiaries. After all, why would the rich want to go to the same hospitals as the poor when they could afford better treatment at a more expensive place? My point is that it would be better to have a universal health care than none at all.
• United States
21 Oct 08
The taxes are passed on to the rich and the poor. We would be in no better shape than we are now.
@philjas (1134)
• United States
20 Oct 08
In every other industrialized nation that has universal health care Which would be EVERY OTHER INDUSTRIALIZED nation. Correct me if I'm wrong, but I believe every other industrialized or medically advanced nation in the world has it, except us. France is considered to have the best health care in the world, and yep, it's universal healthcare.
@mommyboo (13174)
• United States
25 Oct 08
Kat, you're making it sound like doctors are greedy and only practicing for the money. That bothers me, if that is true. It bothers me if anybody choose a career based on the money and not because it's something they care about. I hope sincerely not to ever employ somebody who is doing their job strictly for the money. They don't deserve to be paid if that's why they chose it. I mean my doctor could give me unsound advice, prescribe things I don't need, or tell me I need procedures I don't in order to make money. That's a pretty horrendous thought.
• United States
21 Oct 08
Canada has it, and it's not working out so well for them. Because their doctors are coming to practice here to make more money. What do you think is going to happen to our doctors if this goes into affect? They'll switch careers!
• United States
20 Oct 08
Well Kats, if universal health care isn't the answer than what is? Do you realize that GE, and GM spend over 3 billion dollars a year in health care? That is just two companies, just imagine how much we, as a nation, spend. I think we need to find some the help us, because our current system isn't working.
• United States
21 Oct 08
I realize our current system isn't working, but universal health care is only going to make it so much worse. Yes we need help, we need low cost insurance that is more accessable to everyone who needs it.
1 person likes this
• United States
21 Oct 08
Yes we definitly must come up with a plan, I won't argue that. As I said, I'm in financial trouble myself due to medical bills. I believe they should help those who can't afford to help themselves, make insurance more accessable and more affordable for everyone. Perhaps we should do something about the malpractice lawsuits as that's why healthcare is so expensive as it is.
• United States
21 Oct 08
I agree that our current system isn't working, but instead of looking at all the rest of the systems and saying that they won't work here, we need to come up with something that will work here. After all we can put men on the moon but can't come up with a universal health plan that won't cost the taxpayers a fortune and yet still provide decent care for everyone....what's wrong with that picture???
1 person likes this
@anniepa (27955)
• United States
21 Oct 08
I kind of get the impression your mind is made up and that's that, which is your right, but it should be pointed out that Obama has never proposed government run health care or "free" health care for all. We all pay much higher premiums and much higher costs for health care because of the many people who are uninsured and wait to go to the ER when they get sick and then are unable to pay. I won't pretend to be knowledgeable enough to know the exact details of the plan that would work best for everyone but I do know nobody in a nation such as ours should go bankrupt, lose their home or die because of health care costs and McCain's plan would help nobody that needs help. Annie
@Hatley (163781)
• Garden Grove, California
21 Oct 08
katsmeow I disagree.almost every other country has universal health care and they actually get better care, so I feel your arguments are the same old one republicans have used for a century, they just do not want us middle and working class to finally get the kind of health care other nations have had 'for ages. I am a senior citizen with a great hmo so I am well covered but myadult son has no insurance and it wou ld cost him a fortune to get coverage,hes just 49 so he cannot get social security yet. we working and middle class people need help to afford good health care, why cannot we have the same univeral health care as all the other more progressive nations?The crap you suggest is the samw old welfare crapola that none of us working people want, too many strings attached to it, you just breathe the wrong way you would get penalized. no I wish we could have universal health care.