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The Coffee Break .  email this discussion to a friend?

myLot reputation of 70/100. rolcam (12344) 6 years ago

The Coffee Break

According to an old Turkish proverb, coffee should be "black as hell, strong as death, and sweet as love." As a brew, coffee has been around for centuries. But in this country, taking a daily break to drink it is a more recent phenomenon.

This week on Present at the Creation, NPR's ongoing series on the origins of American icons, Special Correspondent Susan Stamberg traces the history of the coffee break.

The world's first coffee break, Stamberg reports, "probably took place before 1000 A.D. in Abyssinia (today's Ethiopia). Legend has it that a goatherd named Kaldi noticed his goats dancing around on their skinny hind legs. Then he noticed the goats had eaten some red berries. Kaldi tried the berries; he started dancing, too; and so coffee break dancing was born!"

From those beginnings, Stamberg says, the story of coffee is "long and global." Arabians in the 13th century used the roasted, brewed beans to ease menstrual cramps. The first coffee shop opened in 15th-century Constantinople, where the Turks thought the drink was an aphrodisiac. By the mid-1600s, coffee replaced beer as New York City's favorite breakfast drink. In the 1700s in Leipzig, Johann Sebastian Bach wrote a cantata about coffee. And in 1773, the Boston Tea Party made drinking coffee a patriotic duty.

The American ritual of taking a workday break for coffee, however, didn't begin until the early 20th century. The U.S. workplace of the late 19th century was a dreary place, says Howard Stanger, a historian of industrial relations at Canisius College in Buffalo, N.Y.: "There were frequent wage cuts, there was very little job security, few benefits. Unions for the most part, outside of skilled trades, were virtually non-existent."

But as the century turned, Stamberg says, "matters began to improve. Social reform was in the air. Legislation emerged to create a minimum wage, and workers' compensation." Companies and factories installed in-house lunchrooms, places "where workers could get away from the drudgery for a while" -- and the coffee break became part of the change.

What remains in dispute, though, is precisely which U.S. company was the birthplace of the coffee break. Wayne Stephens makes this claim: "In 1902, the Barcolo Manufacturing Company in Buffalo, N.Y., started giving its employees coffee breaks. To our knowledge, that was the first time that had ever happened in American industry," says Stephens, CEO of Barcalounger, the company (now based in North Carolina) that began as Barcolo.

Though the company's historical records are somewhat sketchy, Stephens cites old newspaper reports quoting a Barcolo executive as saying, "The employees felt like they needed a mid-morning and mid-afternoon break... and one of the employees volunteered to heat the coffee up on a kerosene-fueled hot plate. The employees paid for the coffee... and started taking, obviously with the approval of management, about a 10- to 15-minute, mid-morning and mid-afternoon coffee break."

But elsewhere in Buffalo, historian Stanger makes a coffee break counterclaim. In the ledgers of the now-defunct Larkin Company -- a Buffalo firm that started by producing soap, and ended up as a big mail-order house -- Stanger found a 1901 entry on free coffee to employees. Larkin and Barcolo did business together, Stanger told Stamberg, so it's possible that Larkin gave free coffee to workers, but didn't give them time out to drink it. And it's possible that someone at Larkin mentioned the free coffee to someone at Barcolo, and Barcolo turned the idea into a coffee break. As Stamberg observes, "When you're talking coffee, anything is possible."

Wherever the coffee break originated, Stamberg says, it may not actually have been called a coffee break until 1952. That year, a Pan-American Coffee Bureau ad campaign urged consumers, "Give yourself a Coffee-Break -- and Get What Coffee Gives to You."

Today, Stamberg says, Americans "are hooked on coffee," consuming about 350 million cups of it daily.

 

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SunSix (11899) response was accepted on 1/4/2007.
denotes best response, click it to go to the best response.
tags:  coffee, workers compensation
 
1. myLot reputation of 77/100. gscs1838 (1285)   6 years ago

good morning to you!!
merry christmas eve!!!

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2. myLot reputation of 96/100. book1962 (16793)   6 years ago

Nice to read that.....
What would we do without our coffee breaks.....
fall asleep at the computer, rest our head on the keybord or the like.
Have a nice coffee break from reading all your answers to your discussions at mylot.....
and a lovely Christmas.

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3. myLot reputation of 84/100. SunSix (11899)   6 years ago

Coffee is a great power in my life," wrote Honore de Balzac. "I have observed its effects on an epic scale."He wasn't kidding. The great and prolific French writer known for his conspicuous consumption of coffee "was unquestionably a drug addict," write Bennett Alan Weinberg and Bonnie K. Bealer in their book, The World of Caffeine: The Art and Science of the World's Most Popular Drug. "His drug of choice was caffeine."
Before you pooh-pooh the notion that caffeine is a drug in every sense of the word, rest assured that Balzac's own eyes were wide open on the matter. "For awhile," he wrote, "for a week or two at most, you can obtain the right amount of stimulation with one, then two cups of coffee brewed from beans that have been crushed with gradually increasing force and infused with hot water. For another week, by decreasing the amount of water used, by pulverizing the coffee even more finely, and by infusing the grounds with cold water, you can continue to obtain the same cerebral power."

He's not talking here about how great the stuff tastes. And although he used coffee to aid in his writing -- by stimulating his imagination and by keeping him awake and hunched over his parchment through the night -- he had no illusions that there were no drawbacks to his favorite drug: "Many people claim that coffee inspires them, but, as everybody knows, coffee only makes boring people even more boring."

Anybody who has spent any time among cocaine fiends will recognize Balzac's complaint. Still don't believe caffeine is a drug? In the end, Balzac resorted to eating dry coffee grounds to achieve the desired effect. He died at age 49.

Most people aren't like Balzac, and most people who use caffeine in its many forms -- coffee, tea, chocolate, soft drinks -- use it far more moderately. Some drugs are worse than others, and the world has decided that caffeine isn't so bad.

As author Weinberg tells Weekend Edition Saturday's Scott Simon, the origins of coffee -- the favored caffeine-delivery mechanism in much of the world -- are somewhat hazy. Coffee appeared "very suddenly and rather mysteriously" in Yemen at the end of the 15th century, he says. "Where it came from, exactly, isn't quite clear."

But it caught on pretty quickly. "Within 100 years, it had taken over the Arab world, and in another 100 years, it had taken over just about the whole world."

Caffeine's effect went much further than just giving the world a buzz, Weinberg says. It changed attitudes about economics and working life, and it may have helped provide inspiration for ideas that laid the groundwork for industrialism. The first accurate timepieces were invented at just about the same that coffee became popular. At the same time, coffee and tea -- so-called "temperance beverages" -- managed to replace alcohol in many people's diets, markedly increasing productivity.

If coffee was the fuel of the Industrial Revolution, it's even more central to the information economy. It is, says Weinberg, "the cult drug of the computer world." Drunk in moderation, it provides "specific cognitive benefits that allow people to perform computer work better. It aids in visual spatial coordination, hand-eye coordination, and it helps improve your reasoning power."

If Balzac is to be believed, the effects can be even more profound -- almost mystical -- for literary types. For a writer under the spell of the bean, he wrote, "ideas quick-march into motion like battalions of a grand army to its legendary fighting ground, and the battle rages. Memories charge in, bright flags on high; the cavalry of metaphor deploys with a magnificent gallop, the artillery of logic rushes up with clattering wagons and cartridges; on imagination's orders, sharpshooters sight and fire; forms and shapes and characters rear up; the paper is spread with ink -- for the nightly labor begins and ends with torrents of this black water."


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