components of engine oil

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Properties of motor oil Spills of engine oil onto wet concrete create characteristic iridescent (rainbow-hued) stains — a thin layer of oil floats above the water.Most motor oils are made from a heavier, thicker petroleum hydrocarbon base stock derived from crude oil, with additives added as needed to improve the properties. One of the most important properties of motor oil in maintaining a lubricating film between moving parts is its viscosity. In layman's terms, the viscosity of a liquid can be thought of as its "thickness" or a quantity of resistance to flow. The viscosity must be high enough to maintain a satisfactory lubricating film, but low enough that the oil can flow around the engine parts satisfactorily to keep them well coated under all conditions. The Viscosity Index is a measure of how much the oil's viscosity changes as temperature changes. A higher viscosity index indicates the 'viscosity' changes less with temperature than a lower viscosity index. Motor oil must be able to flow at cold winter temperatures to lubricate internal moving parts upon starting up the engine. Another important property of motor oil is its pour point, which is indicative of the lowest temperature at which the oil could still be poured satisfactorily. The lower the pour point temperature of the oil, the more desirable the oil is when starting up at cold temperature. Oil is largely composed of hydrocarbons which can burn if ignited. Still another important property of motor oil is its flash point, the lowest temperature at which the oil gives off vapors which can ignite. It is dangerous for the oil in a motor to ignite and burn, so a high flash point is desirable. At a petroleum refinery, fractional distillation to separate crude oil fractions removes the volatile components, which more easily ignite, from the motor oil fraction; thereby increasing the oil's flash point. Another test done on oil is to determine the Total Base Number (TBN), which is a measurement of the reserve alkalinity of an oil to neutralize acids. The resulting quantity is determined as mg KOH/(gram of lubricant). Analogously, Total Acid Number (TAN) is the measure of a lubricant's acidity. Other tests include zinc, phosphorus, or sulfur content, and testing for excessive foaming. Different motor oils are sold for Diesel fuel engines, with many claimed to contain a higher level of detergents to keep fine combustion soot in suspension. However, for some brands only the packaging varies (the oil is the same), and in general a diesel engine can use any good quality oil of the correct grade.

Motor oil is a type of liquid oil used for lubrication by various kinds internal combustion engines. Other benefits from using motor oil include cooling by carrying heat away from moving engine parts and often include cleaning and corrosion inhibition in internal combustion engines. The major fraction of the majority of motor oils are derived from petroleum. Synthetic motor oil, consisting of artificially-synthesized compounds, currently has a minority share in the motor oil market place because it is more expensive, but offers enhanced performance.