Methodologies for learning Java

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There's a saying: "new computer languages enough flexibility to adapt to real-world requirements" Perhaps that is the reason why object-oriented programming evolved. There's also a saying: "code for complex applications has to be easy to , debug, test and maintain." Perhaps that is the reason why a lot of ambiguities have been eliminated in Java through very stringent definitions of members. I recall in early programming languages where there were no members; there were variables - just numbers and characters. A programmer had to spend so much time in analyzing how the code and variables really worked together. Today it looks a lot more standardized and well-organized. Fifty years ago, code looked like tons of variables and codes. Today, even an Integer is an object with its own members and methods... any views on this?